PMC

Distribution of GFP-labeled S. typhimurium A1-R in tumors and organs. Representative images of GFP-labeled S. typhimurium A1-R bacteria culture isolated from the tumor and the normal organs (blood and liver) of the mice treated with S. typhimurium A1-R. GFP-labeled S. typhimurium A1-R were clearly detected only in the tumor. Only a few GFP-labeled S. typhimurium A1-R were detected in the liver and no GFP-labeled S. typhimurium A1-R was detected in blood. Scale bars: 10 mm.

(A) Blinded histopathology scores of cecal samples 4 days after infection of C57BL/6 mice administered wild-type E. coli Nissle, S. Typhimurium, or a mixture of S. Typhimurium and E. coli Nissle wild-type or tonB mutant. Scores of individual mice (circles) and geometric means for each group (bars) are indicated. (B) H&E stained sections from representative animals for each group. E. coli Nissle wild-type or tonB co-administration with S. Typhimurium reduced the density of inflammatory infiltrates (black asterisks) and the degree of crypt injury (white asterisks), compared to S. Typhimurium infection alone. (C) Transcript levels of Lcn2, Cxcl-1 and Il-17a were determined in the ceca of C57BL/6 mice infected with S. Typhimurium (white bars), a mixture of S. Typhimurium and wild-type E. coli Nissle (black bars), or a mixture of S. Typhimurium and E. coli Nissle tonB (gray bars). Data are expressed as fold-increase over mock-infected mice. Bars represent the geometric means ± standard deviation. (D) Blinded histopathology scores of cecal samples 4 days after infection of mice administered E. coli Nissle iroN fuyA iutA chuA (Δ4), S. Typhimurium, or a mixture of S. Typhimurium and E. coli Nissle Δ4. Scores of individual mice (circles) and geometric means for each group (bars) are indicated. (E) H&E stained sections from representative animals from each group. E. coli Nissle Δ4 co-administration with S. Typhimurium greatly reduced chronic inflammatory infiltrates (black asterisks) and the degree of crypt injury (white asterisks), compared to S. Typhimurium infection alone. (F) Transcript levels of Lcn2, Cxcl-1 and Il-17a were determined in the ceca of mice infected with S. Typhimurium (white bars) or a mixture of S. Typhimurium and E. coli Nissle Δ4 (gray bars). Data are expressed as fold-increase over mock-infected mice. Bars represent geometric means ± standard deviation. STM=S. Typhimurium; EcN=E. coli Nissle. L; lumen, M, mucosa, SM; submucosa. Significant difference is indicated by * (P value ≤ 0.05) or ** (P value ≤ 0.01). (See also and ).

Percentage of inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium invasion and intracellular survival by pyrogallol in Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells. (A) Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium invasion in Caco-2 cells; (B) inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium invasion in RAW 264.7 cells and (C) Inhibition of intracellular survival of Salmonella Typhimurium by pyrogallol in RAW 246.7 cells. Cell – non-infected cells; Sal – infected with Salmonella Typhimurium but not treated; sub-MIC – infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and treated with sub-MIC of MAR alone; MIC – infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and treated with the MIC of MAR alone; PG – infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and treated with 30 μg/mL of PG; PGM – infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and treated with a combination of 30 μg/mL of PG and sub-MIC of MAR; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.

The boundaries of genomic sequence of S. Typhimurium and S. Typhi origin were determined by calculating the SNP density identified by mapping Illumina GA short reads from S. Typhimurium C5507 to the S. Typhimurium LT2 and S. Typhi Ty2 reference genome sequence. Artemis comparison tool (ACT) view of the left (A) and right (B) boundaries are shown with the position of SNPs in S. Typhimurium C5507 sequence reads mapped to either the S. Typhimurium LT2 or S. Typhi Ty2 genome. The SNP density (C) determined by mapping Illumina GA short reads from S. Typhimurium C5507 to the S. Typhimurium LT2 reference genome. The peak at 2.8 megabases is due to related but distinct prophage elements in S. Typhimurium C5507 genome relative to LT2 and the peak at 4.5 to 4.8 Mb is the S. Typhi genome sequence flanking SPI-7. Sequence reads from SPI-7 were not mapped to LT2 since this region is absent from S. Typhimurium. The deduced mosaic structure of the S. Typhimurium C5507 genome (D) with genomic sequence of S. Typhimurium C5 origin (black line) and S. Typhi Ty2 genome (green line) and SPI-7 (blue line) indicated.